Muhammad Ture was a politician, a ruler, a conqueror and a businessman. In the late 15th century, he used his considerable skills to expand the Songhai Empire, making it the largest country in West Africa’s history. At its peak, the empire stretched from the Atlantic Ocean east to what is now Niger. He led the way for Africa to expand trade with Europe and Asia, and made Islam a key component of his governing strategy. He became known as Askia — “forceful one” — and is remembered to this day as Askia the Great. He came to power through will,…
ADF
ADF
ADF is a professional military magazine published quarterly by U.S. Africa Command to provide an international forum for African security professionals. ADF covers topics such as counter terrorism strategies, security and defense operations, transnational crime, and all other issues affecting peace, stability, and good governance on the African continent.
CLUES: Many tourist sources incorrectly describe this site as featuring natural geysers caused by volcanic activity. The spouts actually are cold and man-made. Water rich with carbon dioxide, lime and iron flows from this site as it reaches the end of pipes installed for nearby mines. The dissolved lime and iron forms mounds up to 4 meters tall around the mouths of these artificial geysers. Metal from the dissolving pipes adds a rusty orange color. There are at least four — and by some reports five — of these cold-water geysers in this region, and they have become well-known tourist…