{"id":110719,"date":"2023-11-21T12:07:42","date_gmt":"2023-11-21T17:07:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/adf-magazine.com\/?p=110719"},"modified":"2023-11-21T12:08:07","modified_gmt":"2023-11-21T17:08:07","slug":"milicias-etnicas-do-niger-geram-ciclos-brutais-de-violencia","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/adf-magazine.com\/pt-pt\/2023\/11\/milicias-etnicas-do-niger-geram-ciclos-brutais-de-violencia\/","title":{"rendered":"Mil\u00edcias \u00c9tnicas do N\u00edger Geram Ciclos Brutais de Viol\u00eancia"},"content":{"rendered":"
EQUIPA DA ADF
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A ascens\u00e3o de mil\u00edcias \u00e9tnicas nos \u00faltimos anos amea\u00e7a a regi\u00e3o ocidental do N\u00edger, dominada por conflitos, perto da zona da tr\u00edplice fronteira com o Burquina Faso e o Mali.<\/span><\/p>\n

Dois grupos em particular, a garde nomade, um grupo de antigos rebeldes Tuaregues integrados nas for\u00e7as nigerinas na regi\u00e3o de Tahoua, e o Zarma zankai, um grupo de autodefesa que opera na regi\u00e3o de Tillab\u00e9ri, representam problemas de seguran\u00e7a significativos.<\/p>\n

\u00c9 o que afirma Delina Goxho, investigadora principal do departamento de \u00c1frica do Instituto Egmont, em Bruxelas, autora de um relat\u00f3rio sobre o assunto em Outubro.<\/p>\n

Tanto o governo anterior ao golpe como a actual junta no poder confiaram nos grupos para combater as organiza\u00e7\u00f5es extremistas ligadas ao grupo do Estado Isl\u00e2mico (EI) e \u00e0 organiza\u00e7\u00e3o afiliada \u00e0 al-Qaeda Jama’at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin (JNIM). No entanto, as autoridades nigerinas tratam os grupos de forma diferente.<\/p>\n

Os membros da garde nomade s\u00e3o vistos como combatentes experientes controlados pelo governo, enquanto os membros da zankai s\u00e3o considerados combatentes inexperientes das mil\u00edcias que representam pouca ou nenhuma amea\u00e7a para o poder do Estado.<\/p>\n

As sementes da garde nomade foram plantadas em 2021, quando os combatentes Tuaregues, armados com armas recolhidas na L\u00edbia, regressaram \u00e0s suas aldeias natais em Tahoua, onde o EI lan\u00e7a ataques frequentes.<\/p>\n

\u201cCerca de metade dos combatentes n\u00e3o se preocupava muito com a integra\u00e7\u00e3o [nas for\u00e7as nigerinas]… s\u00f3 queriam proteger os seus e, nalguns casos, vingar-se da morte de membros da sua fam\u00edlia,\u201d uma pessoa pr\u00f3xima do grupo disse a Goxho.<\/p>\n

As pessoas suspeitas pela garde nomade de terem lia\u00e7\u00f5es com o Estado Isl\u00e2mico no Grande Sahara s\u00e3o geralmente civis Peuhls, o que confere uma dimens\u00e3o \u00e9tnica \u00e0s tens\u00f5es regionais. A maior parte do trabalho actual da garde nomade consiste em persuadir as pessoas que vivem em aldeias perto do Mali a sa\u00edrem quando h\u00e1 informa\u00e7\u00e3o de um ataque terrorista iminente.<\/p>\n

\u201cNo outro dia, pedimos \u00e0s pessoas de Mihan que se aproximassem de Abala, deixassem as suas casas, pegassem nas suas fam\u00edlias e nos seus animais e se aproximassem de um local onde os pud\u00e9ssemos controlar, enquanto limp\u00e1vamos a sua aldeia das infiltra\u00e7\u00f5es terroristas,\u201d disse outra pessoa a Goxho.<\/p>\n

Desde 2017, quando a viol\u00eancia transbordou do Burquina Faso e do Mali, a regi\u00e3o de Tillab\u00e9ri emergiu como o epicentro de ataques contra civis no pa\u00eds. De 2017 a 2023, 2.500 pessoas foram mortas por viol\u00eancia armada em Tillab\u00e9ri, mais de metade do total nacional.<\/p>\n

Em Tillab\u00e9ri, os zankai n\u00e3o s\u00e3o controlados nem geridos pelo governo e o seu comportamento n\u00e3o \u00e9 controlado.<\/p>\n

A mil\u00edcia foi formada depois de o EI ter matado um chefe de Zarma em 2019 por alegadamente se recusar a pagar o \u201czakat,\u201d um imposto isl\u00e2mico. Em retalia\u00e7\u00e3o pela cria\u00e7\u00e3o do grupo, os insurgentes mataram, em 2020, mais de 100 civis, na sua maioria do grupo Zarma, na comunidade de Tondikiwindi.<\/p>\n

Embora dificilmente reconhecidos pelas autoridades, os bem organizados zankai \u2014 cujos grupos incluem geralmente um presidente, um vice-presidente, um tesoureiro e um chefe militar \u2014 s\u00e3o respeitados nas comunidades que protegem. Devido \u00e0 falta de controlo governamental, \u00e9 imposs\u00edvel saber quantos combatentes zankai existem.<\/p>\n

\u201cEm suma, qualquer pessoa que tenha uma arma pode declarar a sua lealdade a um grupo de autodefesa, mas estes tendem a ter sempre alguma hierarquia, mesmo os pequenos grupos em pequenas aldeias,\u201d disse um entrevistado a Goxho.<\/p>\n

A falta de controlo sobre os zankai pode ter consequ\u00eancias imprevis\u00edveis, como alimentar as tens\u00f5es \u00e9tnicas regionais, escreveu Goxho, fazendo eco de avisos anteriores de analistas do Grupo Internacional de Crise (ICG).<\/p>\n

Os conflitos entre extremistas e grupos de autodefesa op\u00f5em, muitas vezes, as comunidades umas \u00e0s outras. Os analistas do ICG escreveram num relat\u00f3rio de 2021 sobre a regi\u00e3o de Tillab\u00e9ri que esses confrontos poderiam inflamar as queixas locais, p\u00f4r em perigo a popula\u00e7\u00e3o civil e fornecer novos recrutas aos grupos terroristas.<\/p>\n

A forma\u00e7\u00e3o de mil\u00edcias \u00e9tnicas no N\u00edger \u201cparece j\u00e1 ter levado os jihadistas locais a atacar a popula\u00e7\u00e3o civil,\u201d escrevem os analistas.<\/p>\n

Goxho e o ICG observaram que a ascens\u00e3o de mil\u00edcias como a Dan Na Ambassagou no Mali e a Koglweogo e Volunt\u00e1rios para a Defesa da P\u00e1tria (VDP) no Burquina Faso \u2014 todas recrutando numa base \u00e9tnica \u2014 conduziu a um ciclo brutal de assassinatos intercomunit\u00e1rios.<\/p>\n

A Dan Na Ambassagou visa notoriamente as comunidades Dogon e os VDP est\u00e3o frequentemente implicados em crimes contra as comunidades Fulani.<\/p>\n

Goxho implorou ao governo nigerino que n\u00e3o subestime os zankai e invista mais recursos para colocar o grupo sob algum tipo de controlo estatal.<\/p>\n

\u201cCriar um programa que responsabilize os zankai pelas suas ac\u00e7\u00f5es \u2014 e que possa apoiar uma futura profissionaliza\u00e7\u00e3o dessa mil\u00edcia \u2014 permitiria um maior controlo por parte de Niamey,\u201d escreveu Goxho.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

EQUIPA DA ADF \u00a0 A ascens\u00e3o de mil\u00edcias \u00e9tnicas nos \u00faltimos anos amea\u00e7a a regi\u00e3o ocidental do N\u00edger, dominada por conflitos, perto da zona da tr\u00edplice fronteira com o Burquina Faso e o Mali. Dois grupos em particular, a garde nomade, um grupo de antigos rebeldes Tuaregues integrados nas for\u00e7as nigerinas na regi\u00e3o de Tahoua,<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":110717,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[363],"tags":[503,1614,452,1687,502,1703,1139,610,1453],"class_list":{"0":"post-110719","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-melhores-historias","8":"tag-burkina-faso-pt-pt","9":"tag-burkina-faso-pt-pt-2","10":"tag-mali-pt-pt","11":"tag-mali-pt-pt-2","12":"tag-niger-pt-pt","13":"tag-niger-pt-pt-2","14":"tag-terrorism-pt-pt","15":"tag-violencia-etnica","16":"tag-violencia-etnica-pt-pt"},"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nMil\u00edcias \u00c9tnicas do N\u00edger Geram Ciclos Brutais de Viol\u00eancia - Africa Defense Forum<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/adf-magazine.com\/pt-pt\/2023\/11\/milicias-etnicas-do-niger-geram-ciclos-brutais-de-violencia\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"pt_PT\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Mil\u00edcias \u00c9tnicas do N\u00edger Geram Ciclos Brutais de Viol\u00eancia - Africa Defense Forum\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"EQUIPA DA ADF \u00a0 A ascens\u00e3o de mil\u00edcias \u00e9tnicas nos \u00faltimos anos amea\u00e7a a regi\u00e3o ocidental do N\u00edger, dominada por conflitos, perto da zona da tr\u00edplice fronteira com o Burquina Faso e o Mali. 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