{"id":19100,"date":"2020-11-18T14:38:13","date_gmt":"2020-11-18T19:38:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/adf-magazine.com\/?p=19100"},"modified":"2020-11-18T14:38:38","modified_gmt":"2020-11-18T19:38:38","slug":"un-barrage-sur-le-nil-provoque-un-conflit-regional","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/adf-magazine.com\/fr\/2020\/11\/un-barrage-sur-le-nil-provoque-un-conflit-regional\/","title":{"rendered":"Un barrage sur le Nil provoque un conflit r\u00e9gional"},"content":{"rendered":"

PERSONNEL D\u2019ADF<\/em><\/p>\n

Le Nil est une composante essentielle de la vie dans beaucoup des onze pays qu\u2019il traverse. Un nouveau barrage offre un type diff\u00e9rent de prosp\u00e9rit\u00e9 pour certains, mais il menace la stabilit\u00e9 r\u00e9gionale.<\/p>\n

Depuis que l\u2019\u00c9thiopie a annonc\u00e9 ses plans de construction du \u00ab\u00a0Grand Barrage de la renaissance \u00e9thiopienne\u00a0\u00bb (GERD) en 2011, \u00e0 un co\u00fbt de 4,8 milliards de dollars, le contr\u00f4le de l\u2019\u00e9coulement des eaux du Nil est devenu une source de tension pour le Soudan et l\u2019\u00c9gypte, pays situ\u00e9s en aval.<\/p>\n

Le GERD pr\u00e9sente un enchev\u00eatrement de probl\u00e8mes complexes.<\/p>\n

Les \u00c9gyptiens basent depuis des milliers d\u2019ann\u00e9es leur civilisation autour du fleuve. Plus de 95\u00a0% de la population actuelle du pays, estim\u00e9e \u00e0 plus de 102 millions de personnes, vit autour du Nil, qui fournit environ 90\u00a0% de l\u2019eau douce du pays.<\/p>\n

Le droit aux eaux du fleuve revendiqu\u00e9 par l\u2019\u00c9gypte provient d\u2019un accord avec la Grande-Bretagne conclu en 1959 qui lui a accord\u00e9 55,5 milliards de m\u00e8tres cubes (55,5 km3) d\u2019eau par an. Le Soudan avait obtenu 18,5 km3 par an, bien qu\u2019il ne l\u2019utilise pas enti\u00e8rement.<\/p>\n

Aucun autre pays n\u2019\u00e9tait inclus dans l\u2019accord et l\u2019\u00c9thiopie ne l\u2019a pas accept\u00e9.<\/p>\n

Class\u00e9e 173\u00e8me sur 189 pays et territoires dans le dernier indice de d\u00e9veloppement humain des Nations unies, l\u2019\u00c9thiopie veut miser sa croissance et son avenir sur ses abondantes ressources en eau. 86 % des eaux du Nil proviennent des hauts-plateaux du pays.<\/p>\n

\u00ab\u00a0Ce n\u2019est pas un barrage ordinaire\u00a0; c\u2019est le plus grand projet de d\u00e9veloppement d\u2019Afrique\u00a0\u00bb, d\u00e9clare Ashok Swain, responsable de la Chaire en coop\u00e9ration internationale dans le domaine des eaux de l\u2019Organisation des Nations unies pour l\u2019\u00e9ducation, la science et la culture, dans une \u00e9mission d\u2019Al Jazeera. \u00ab\u00a0Il y a un manque de confiance et un manque de communication. \u2026 Le vrai probl\u00e8me est la politisation de l\u2019eau par les politiciens.\u00a0\u00bb<\/p>\n

En 2020, les dirigeants de ces pays ont amplifi\u00e9 leur rh\u00e9torique parce que toutes les tentatives d\u2019accord avaient \u00e9chou\u00e9.<\/p>\n

\u00ab\u00a0Le Nil ne doit \u00eatre monopolis\u00e9 par aucun \u00e9tat\u00a0\u00bb, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 le pr\u00e9sident \u00e9gyptien Abdel Fattah al-Sissi dans une conf\u00e9rence de presse, en pr\u00e9cisant que ses pr\u00e9occupations majeures concernaient la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 de l\u2019agriculture et la gestion des eaux face aux menaces persistantes de s\u00e9cheresse. \u00ab\u00a0Pour l\u2019\u00c9gypte, les eaux du Nil rel\u00e8vent du domaine existentiel.\u00a0\u00bb<\/p>\n

Toutefois, le Premier ministre \u00e9thiopien Abiy Ahmed insiste que son pays essaie tout simplement de satisfaire aux besoins en \u00e9lectricit\u00e9 d\u2019une population en forte croissance.<\/p>\n

\u00ab\u00a0Nous n\u2019avons aucune intention de nuire \u00e0 ces pays\u00a0\u00bb, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 M. Ahmed dans une conf\u00e9rence de presse, en soulignant qu\u2019environ 80\u00a0% des \u00c9thiopiens n\u2019ont pas acc\u00e8s \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9lectricit\u00e9. \u00ab\u00a0Nous ne pouvons pas nous permettre de continuer \u00e0 maintenir plus de 65 millions de nos citoyens dans l\u2019obscurit\u00e9.\u00a0\u00bb<\/p>\n

Le projet est achev\u00e9 \u00e0 75\u00a0%. Une fois termin\u00e9, sa capacit\u00e9 de 6,45 gigawatts en fera la plus grande centrale hydro\u00e9lectrique d\u2019Afrique et la septi\u00e8me du monde. Le barrage g\u00e9n\u00e9rera 15.000 gigawattheures par an, soit une augmentation de 200\u00a0% de la production d\u2019\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 de l\u2019\u00c9thiopie, qui pr\u00e9voit de l\u2019utiliser et de l\u2019exporter.<\/p>\n

Le premier obstacle concerne le temps n\u00e9cessaire pour remplir le r\u00e9servoir. L\u2019\u00c9thiopie a propos\u00e9 un calendrier de quatre \u00e0 sept ans. L\u2019\u00c9gypte, concern\u00e9e par la s\u00e9cheresse, a demand\u00e9 des m\u00e9canismes pour suspendre le remplissage en cas d\u2019une baisse de la pluviom\u00e9trie ou d\u2019une r\u00e9duction des niveaux d\u2019eau du Nil.<\/p>\n

Il y a des moments o\u00f9 le conflit semble insoluble.<\/p>\n

Le 15 juillet, un jour apr\u00e8s l\u2019\u00e9chec d\u2019une autre s\u00e9rie de n\u00e9gociations, la t\u00e9l\u00e9vision d\u2019\u00e9tat de l\u2019\u00c9thiopie a pr\u00e9cis\u00e9 que le r\u00e9servoir du GERD commen\u00e7ait \u00e0 \u00eatre rempli. L\u2019\u00c9gypte a demand\u00e9 une \u00ab\u00a0clarification urgente\u00a0\u00bb concernant des images de satellite indiquant que le r\u00e9servoir commen\u00e7ait \u00e0 s\u2019\u00e9largir derri\u00e8re le barrage. Plus tard le m\u00eame jour, le minist\u00e8re \u00e9thiopien des Eaux a insist\u00e9 que le niveau montant du r\u00e9servoir \u00e9tait d\u00fb aux fortes pluies, mais il n\u2019a pas d\u00e9clar\u00e9 explicitement si les d\u00e9charges du barrage avaient \u00e9t\u00e9 ferm\u00e9es.<\/p>\n

\u00ab\u00a0Apr\u00e8s dix ans de n\u00e9gociations bloqu\u00e9es, la bonne conclusion d\u2019un accord entre les trois pays sur le barrage, ainsi que sur les accords de partage des eaux p\u00e9rim\u00e9s, ne va pas \u00eatre ais\u00e9e\u00a0\u00bb, d\u00e9clare Ahmed Soliman, associ\u00e9 de recherche sur la Corne de l\u2019Afrique chez le groupe de r\u00e9flexion Chatham House, \u00e0 Al Jazeera. \u00ab\u00a0Cela va n\u00e9cessiter un leadership courageux et un d\u00e9samor\u00e7age de la rh\u00e9torique nationaliste, ainsi qu\u2019un compromis entre toutes les parties, pour s\u2019assurer d\u2019obtenir un rapprochement de leurs positions.\u00a0\u00bb<\/p>\n

\u00ab\u00a0Ce succ\u00e8s diplomatique est indispensable, \u00e0 la fois pour la stabilit\u00e9 r\u00e9gionale et pour le progr\u00e8s.\u00a0\u00bb<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

PERSONNEL D\u2019ADF Le Nil est une composante essentielle de la vie dans beaucoup des onze pays qu\u2019il traverse. Un nouveau barrage offre un type diff\u00e9rent de prosp\u00e9rit\u00e9 pour certains, mais il menace la stabilit\u00e9 r\u00e9gionale. Depuis que l\u2019\u00c9thiopie a annonc\u00e9 ses plans de construction du \u00ab\u00a0Grand Barrage de la renaissance \u00e9thiopienne\u00a0\u00bb (GERD) en 2011, \u00e0<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":19095,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[331],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-19100","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-dernieres-nouvelles"},"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nUn barrage sur le Nil provoque un conflit r\u00e9gional - Africa Defense Forum<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/adf-magazine.com\/fr\/2020\/11\/un-barrage-sur-le-nil-provoque-un-conflit-regional\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Un barrage sur le Nil provoque un conflit r\u00e9gional - Africa Defense Forum\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"PERSONNEL D\u2019ADF Le Nil est une composante essentielle de la vie dans beaucoup des onze pays qu\u2019il traverse. 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